I apologize for the tardiness. Should have had this up last Monday. Never decided on an official update schedule, but I think Monday is a good day for it.
So, what have I been so busy that I couldn't post? Well, I've been trying to wrangle with Collision. If you've tested the last demo I put out, you might have noticed that things go through each other, including the player. That's because I haven't included any logic in the loop that looks for objects interacting. I essentially create the spheres and player ship, and draw them, but they're each doing their own thing.
Collision detection (and resolution) is about finding when these objects interact, and how. The clearest example is not letting objects go through each other. But it's also necessary for detecting bullets hitting targets and damaging them, and objects bouncing believably when they hit something.
This is a complex problem, but thankfully computers today are very powerful machines. Collisions on a scale unthinkable years ago can run on current hardware in real time. There's a great deal of studying that has gone into sorting this problem as well, both for research in scientific applications and in the video game industry looking for more realistic behaviors.
The first issue we find is how to determine that there was, indeed, a collision. There are many ways that this can be done, from checking every triangle in a model to every other triangle in the scene (where intersecting triangles identify a collision) to comparing bounding volumes, and ways of speeding up the process itself by culling impossible scenarios.
The way I chose to start with is essentially the simplest (and given my field of spheres, one that should work just fine). I create a bounding volume around each object. A bounding volume is a three dimensional shape built around an object that guarantees that no point in the object lies outside of the volume. Take a square, for example. A circle centered on the square and with a diameter at least as wide as either diagonal bounds the square, since all four points would lie inside it.
In my case, I'm using spheres as the bounding volume. I can center these on the entity, and size them so that they have the same size of the model (in the case of the spheres, for the ship the sphere is a bit bigger than it really needs to be). The idea behind the bounding volumes isn't to find if two objects intersect, but to be able to discard those that don't.
Comparing bounding volumes is faster and easier than comparing the models themselves, triangle to triangle. Since the volumes completely enclose the model, we know that if the two volumes don't meet there is no way for the models to meet, and we can discard the entire models at once instead of making sure triangle by triangle. Checking if two spheres intersect is a trivial check if you know their centers and their respective radii: If the distance between the centers is less than the sum of their radii, the spheres intersect. Else, they don't.
While we can guarantee that if the spheres don't intersect the models don't either (and we can then avoid checking further), it's not necessarily true that if they intersect the models are touching. Thus, it's possible (even expected) that the bounding volume method may yield "false positives", resulting in collisions when two objects aren't touching. The solution is to do a more expensive check, triangle against triangle for example, on these. The advantage is that by excluding the ones we know can't intersect with a cheap check, we save a considerable amount of computing power.
Other bounding volumes commonly used are AABBs and OBBs, which stand for Axis Aligned Bounding Box and Oriented Bounding Box. Both consist of building boxes around the models, with the difference that the OBB builds the smallest box that the model fits in and rotates it together with the model, while the AABB builds the smallest box that can align to the world coordinate system. If the object within an AABB changes orientation, the AABB must be recalculated.
The advantage the boxes have is that they produce fewer false positives than a sphere. Spheres leave too much empty volume, especially the less 'round' the object within it is. Consider a stick, for example. In such a case, where one dimension of the object is much larger than the other two, the sphere will be mostly empty and any objects passing through this empty space will need to be checked against the stick, resulting in wasted computation.
The second easiest volume to check is the AABB. To see if two volumes intersect, one must simply check the sides. It's simplified because they are aligned to the axis, so that the x,y or z values along each side are fixed. On the other hand, building the volume each time the model changes orientation can get expensive. In the case of the stick, for example, we find ourselves in pretty much the same situation as the sphere is it is oriented away from all three axis, and get the best results if lies along any one of them.
The OBB method, finally, guarantees the fewest false positives. Finding the smallest OBB can be a bit expensive, but it needs only be done once when you create the model. On the other hand, comparing OBBs to find intersections is more expensive than either of the previous methods.
There really isn't a 'best method', as they all have their own costs which need to be considered. AABBs are good for scenery, for example, which doesn't change orientation. On the other hand, if you have a roundish object, a sphere will produce less wasted space than either box method. The good thing is we don't need to 'choose' a single method, as for very little overhead we can implement box-sphere checks that let us mix things up.
Further, the bounding volume is only the first test. And as large and complex as models have become, it's not uncommon for there being a hierarchy of checks that are run, cutting the amount of triangle test required down to sane levels. With two ten thousand polygon models, for example, just checking one against the other would be too much wasted time.
Whew. That took more than I thought. Don't really have the time to fish for pictures though.
No new demo today, but soon. Next Monday: what happens when you find an intersection!
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